Evaluation of the Main Means of Acquiring Knowledge from an Educational Perspective

Abstract

Knowledge is a central element of human life through which an individual understands reality. Knowledge is generally classified into three types—indirect knowledge, local knowledge, and universal knowledge. Indirect knowledge refers to that which lies beyond direct experience, such as the concepts of the soul or heaven and hell. Local knowledge is confined to a specific region, whereas universal knowledge is equally valid everywhere, such as the transformation of water into ice or steam.

The nature of knowledge is related to reality; that is, knowledge is that which presents an object in its true form. When knowledge reflects reality accurately, it is considered true. According to Indian philosophical tradition, knowledge is a superior modification of nature and is influenced by the quality of sattva, whereas ignorance arises under the influence of tamas. Knowledge fosters consciousness, discernment, and morality in human beings.

There are three major theories of the validity of knowledge—correspondence theory, coherence theory, and pragmatic theory. According to the correspondence theory, knowledge is true when it corresponds with actual facts. The coherence theory emphasizes internal consistency and harmony with previously established truths. The pragmatic theory holds that knowledge is true if it proves useful and beneficial in practical life.